Neem is a deciduous tree plants, high 10-20m. Bark dark brown, longitudinal, old branches purple, the majority of small lenticels. Born in the wilderness or roadsides, often cultivated in the anterior chamber of the house. The plant grows in moist fertile soil quickly, strict requirements on the soil, can grow in acidic soil, neutral soil and limestone areas, planting trees is a good low-altitude plains and hilly areas, planting more roadside in the village appropriate. 

 

The species is not only a timber plant, is also medicinal plants, their flowers, leaves, fruits, root bark can be used as medicine, the root bark can drive with roundworm and hookworm, but toxic when used as directed to be strict, root bark powder transfer vinegar can cure scabies, ointment made with neem can cure tinea capitis child. In addition, fruit kernel oil lubricants and soaps made available. 

 

【Historical research】neem "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" as beneath contempt. "Maps of Materia Medica," said Melia. Su Song that: "neem Shu Chuan is preferred to real wood high-Zhang Yu, Huai and long dense foliage, flowering in March and April, red-purple, fragrant summary report, in fact, such as projectiles, raw and cooked green yellow, December mining, the root taken no time, "Li by Luo Yuan" Ya-wing. "says:" neem leaves can be practiced matter, so that the neem, his son as a small bell, cooked the yellow as the golden bell, pictograms are "the kind of fruit. Root and veneer, flowers, leaves are used as medicine. Features medication taste "Do not record": "slightly cold." "Japan Hanako Materia Medica": "bitter, slightly toxic," "Doctor Lin membership to":. "Great bitterness, Big Chill." 

 

【Indications】heat, dampness, insecticide. Governance roundworm, pinworm, rubella, scabies. Drug contraindications frail and liver and kidney dysfunction, pregnant women and stomach Deficiency caught careful service. Also not continuous and overdose. One Chinaberry leather has given the toxicity may include headache, dizziness, nausea medication poisoning, spit spit, abdominal pain and other symptoms. Severe poisoning, internal bleeding can occur, toxic hepatitis, mental disorders, respiratory center paralysis, and even shock, coma and death. "Newly Revised Materia Medica": "This has two, there are male female male who has no children of toxic red roots, serving as many people can not stop vomiting, to the deceased when the female root 白有子 slightly toxic, with the when. Take the female. " 

 

"Fujian drug records": "Melia anthelmintic effective, but there is One set of toxicity, should be combined by age, physical and other patients, careful dosing." 

 

【Pharmacological effects】

1. Anthelmintic effect 

TSN, neem root bark or dry skin contained in the Neem is known ascaridole effect. Its alcohol extracts in vitro pig roundworm, especially for the skin Neem has its head paralysis. TSN effect than alcohol extract as strong. Compared with the Hill, the role of TSN roundworms slow and long-lasting. TSN low concentration (1:5000 to 1:9 000) when the pig roundworm and its segments (head and middle) that there is a significant stimulant to enhance the performance of spontaneous activity, the sharp contraction of intermittent anomalies, the law of motion is destroyed, and last for a long time (10 to 24 hours). Such stimulant is Toosendanin parasites through the epidermis, directly on the roundworm muscles, disrupting its energy metabolism, leading to contraction-induced fatigue and cramps, and finally the parasites attached to the intestinal wall and can not be rid of the body. Higher concentrations (1:1000 or more), you can pig roundworm paralysis, numbness in particular its head ganglia. The so-called paralysis, may be affected by the parasite drugs and long-term intermittent spasmodic contraction of the seemingly static state. 25% to 50% Neem liquid in vitro on mouse skin pinworm have paralysis. Neem Bark One was still given the role of anti-schistosome 

 

2 antifungal effect 

Neem extract sub-ethanol (1:4) in vitro against Trichophyton yellow, concentric Trichophyton, Trichophyton Ashland, Audubon Ang small ringworm spores, a small rust-colored spores rubrum, Trichophyton woolly small spores Red dermatophytes, star slave card monocytogenes common pathogenic fungi, have a more significant inhibition; hot water extract also has anti-fungal effect. But flooding agent especially decoction weaker than the alcohol infusion. 

 

3 muscle contractions 

Experimental results show that: TSN skeletal muscle contraction caused by the direct stimulation of an enhanced role; spontaneous contraction of smooth muscle of guinea pigs also enhance the role and can be against atropine. But for myocardial contractile response induced by the direct electrical stimulation is a more significant inhibition. 

 

4 Other effects 

TSN 200mg/kg orally, enabling the rabbit in vivo intestinal muscle tone and contractility increases, so insect repellent when used without additional laxatives. Its excitatory effects on intestinal muscle is not blocked by atropine, but can be antagonized by antihistamine diphenhydramine. 

 

Studies have shown that: TSN known anti-botulinum toxin effects. TSN can significantly extend the specimen of botulism paralysis indirectly stimulate the contractile response time, suggesting that it can fight botulinum in the neuromuscular junction repression. Type B botulism is also a protective effect; combined with antivenom, can significantly reduce the amount of antivenom. TSN and its derivatives on botulinum toxin poisoning animals have significant therapeutic effect. However, because of toxic side effects of chemotherapy index is low, there is no practical value. TSN TSN skin and in Normal dose of blood, blood pressure, respiration, uterus had no significant effect. TSN can reduce spontaneous activity, but no synergistic effect of sodium pentobarbital.